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Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,[191] driven by economic policy and family reunification. In xxxx, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada.[192] The Canadian government anticipated between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in xxxx,[193] a similar number of immigrants as in recent years.[194] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver.[195] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees,[196] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global Canada is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. According to the xxxx census, 67.3 percent of Canadians identify as Christian; of these, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7 percent of the population. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (5.0%), and Baptists (1.9%). In xxxx, about 23.9 percent declared no religious affiliation, compared to 16.5% in xxxx.[198] The remaining 8.8 percent are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%) aCanadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. The mandatory school age ranges between 5?7 to 16?18 years,[200] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.[82] As of xxxx, 88 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 74 percent.[201] In xxxx, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent.[202] According to a xxxx NBC report, Canada is the most educated country in the world.[203] The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, Canada's two official languages are Canadian English and Canadian French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all The xxxx Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec.[209] Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in Ontario, Alberta, and southern Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.[210] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official.[212] There are 11 Aboriginal language groups, composed of more than 65 distinct dialects.[213] Of these, only the Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term.[214] Several aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories.[215] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote multiculturalism are constitutionally protected.[219] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture.[220] However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic ? a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[221] Government policies such as publicly funded health care, higher taxation to redistribute wealth, the outlawing of capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, strict gun control, and the legalization of same-sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada's politicalHistorically, Canada has been influenced by British, French, and aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music, aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity.[223] Many Canadians value multiculturalism and see Canada as being inherently multicultural.[66] American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[224] The preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and TelecommunicationsCanadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson ? the country's most famous painter ? and by the Group of Seven. Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in xxxx at age 39.[226] The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May xxxx. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists ? Lawren Harris, A. Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, J. E. H. MacDonald, and Frederick Varley ? were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston, and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael. A. J. Casson became part of the Group in xxxx.[227] Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr, known for her landscapes and portrayals of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.[228] Since the xxxxs, works of Inuit art have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by theThe Canadian music industry has produced internationally renowned composers, musicians and ensembles.[230] Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada's music industry awards, the Juno Awards, which were first awarded in xxxx.[231] Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest, The Bold Canadian, was written in xxxx.[232] The national anthem of Canada, O Canada, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, the Honourable Théodore Robitaille, for the xxxx St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony, and was officially adopted in xxxx.[233] Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The text was originally oThe roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the xxxxs.[235] Canada's official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse.[236] Seven of Canada's eight largest metropolitan areas ? Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg ? have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL). Other popular spectator sports in Canada include curling and Canadian football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, tennis, baseball, skiing, cricket, volleyball, rugby union, soccer and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.[237] Canada does have one professional baseball team, the Toronto Blue Jays. Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games since its Olympic debut in xxxx, and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the xxxx Summer Olympics in Montreal, the xxxx Winter Olympics in Calgary, the xxxx Basketball World Championship and the xxxx FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada was the host nation for the xxxx Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler,Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English in its vocabulary, as well as many distinctive Canadianisms. In many areas, speech is influenced by French. There are notable local variations.[4] The phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon for most of The first Canadian dictionaries of Canadian English were edited by Walter Spencer Avis and published by Gage Ltd. The Beginner's Dictionary (xxxx), the Intermediate Dictionary (xxxx) and, finally, the Senior Dictionary (xxxx) were milestones in Canadian English lexicography. Many secondary schools in Canada use these dictionaries. The dictionaries have regularly been updated since: the Senior Dictionary was renamed Gage Canadian Dictionary and exists in what may be called its 5th edition from xxxx. Gage was acquired by Thomson Nelson around xxxx. The latest editions were published in 2The scholarly Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP[15]) was first published in xxxx by Gage Ltd. It was a partner project of the Senior Dictionary (and appeared only a few weeks apart from it). The DCHP can be considered the "Canadian OED" because it documents the historical development of Canadian English words that can be classified as "Canadianisms". It therefore includes words such as mukluk, Canuck, bluff, and grow op but does not list common core words such as desk, table, or car. It is a specialist, scholarly dictionary but is not without interest to the general public. After more than 40 years, a second edition has been commenced at UBC in Throughout part of the 20th century, some Canadian newspapers adopted American spellings[citation needed] (e.g., color as opposed to the British-based colour). The use of such spellings was the long-standing practice of the Canadian Press, perhaps since that news agency's inception, but visibly the norm prior to World War II.[17] The practice of dropping the letter u in such words was also considered a labour-saving technique during the early days of printing in which movable type was set manually.[17] Canadian newspapers also received much of their international content from American press agencies; therefore, it was much easier for editorial staff to leave the spellings from the wireMore recently, Canadian newspapers have adopted the British spelling variants such as -our endings, notably with The Globe and Mail changing its spelling policy in October xxxx.[19] Other Canadian newspapers adopted similar changes later that decade, such as the Southam newspaper chain's conversion in September xxxx.[20] The Toronto Star adopted this new spelling policy in September xxxx after that publication's ombudsman discounted the issue earlier in the year.[18][21] The Star had always avoided using recognized Canadian spelling, citing the Gage Canadian Dictionary in their defence. Controversy around this issue was frequent. When the Gage Dictionary finally adopted standard Canadian Canada has very little dialect diversity compared to the United States.[4] The provinces east of Ontario show the largest dialect diversity. Northern Canada is, according to William Labov, a dialect region in formation, and a homogeneous dialect has not yet formed.[33] A very homogeneous dialect exists in Western and Central Canada, a situation that is similar to that of the Western United States. Labov identifies an inland region that concentrates all of the defining features of the dialect centred on the Prairies, with periphery areas with more variable patterns including the metropolitan areas of Vancouver and Toronto.[4] This dialect forms a dialect continuum with the far Western United States; however, it is sharply differentiated from the Inland Northern United States. This is a result of the relatively recent phenomenon known as the Northern citiesPerhaps the most recognizable feature of Canadian English is Canadian raising. The diphthongs /a?/ and /a?/ are "raised" before voiceless consonants, namely /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /?/ and /f/. In these environments, /a?/ becomes [??~??~??]. One of the few phonetic variables that divides Canadians regionally is the articulation of the raised allophone of /a?/: in Ontario, it tends to have a mid-central or even mid-front articulation, sometimes approaching [??], while in the West and Maritimes a more retracted sound is heard, closer to [??].[34] Among some speakers in the Prairies and in Nova Scotia, the retraction is strong enough to cause some tokens of raised /a?/ to merge with /o?/, so that couch and coach sound the same, and about sounds like a boat. Canadian raising is found throughout western and central Canada, as well as in parts of the Atlantic Provinces.[4] It is the strongest in the inland region, and is receding in younger speakers in Lower Mainland British Columbia, as well as Almost all Canadians have the cot?caught merger, which also occurs in the Western U.S. Speakers do not distinguish /?/ (as in caught) and /?/ (as in cot), which merge as either [?] (more common in Western Canada) or [?] (more common in Southern Ontario and in Atlantic Canada, where it might even be fronted). Speakers with this merger produce these vowels identically, and often fail to hear the difference when speakers who preserve the distinction (for example, speakers of General American and Inland Northern American English) pronounce these vowels. This merger has existed in CanadThis merger creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system[36] and triggers a sound change known as the Canadian Shift, which involves the front lax vowels /æ, ?, ?/. The /æ/ of bat is lowered and retracted in the direction of [a] (except in some environments, see below). Indeed, /æ/ is further back in this variety than almost all other North American dialects;[37] the retraction of /æ/ was independently observed in Vancouver[38] and is more advanced for Ontarians and women than for people from the Prairies or Atlantic Canada and men.[39] Then, /?/ and /?/ may be lowered (in the direction of [æ] and [?]) and/or retracted; studies actually disagree on the trajectory of the shift.[40] For example, Labov and others (xxxx) noted a backward and downward movement of /?/ in apparent time in all of Canada except the Atlantic Provinces,Unlike in many American English dialects, /æ/ remains a low-front vowel in most environments in Canadian English. Raising along the front periphery of the vowel space is restricted to two environments ? before nasal and voiced velar consonants ? and varies regionally even in these. Ontario and Maritime Canadian English commonly show some raising before nasals, though not as extreme as in many American varieties. Much less raising is heard on the Prairies, and some ethnic groups in Montreal show no pre-nasal raising at all. On the other hand, some Prairie speech exhibits raising of /æ/ before voiced velars (/g/ and /?/), with an up-glide rather than an in-glide, so The first element of /?r/ (as in start) tends to be raised. As with Canadian raising, the relative advancement of the raised nucleus is a regional indicator. A striking feature of Atlantic Canadian speech (the Maritimes and Newfoundland) is a nucleus that approaches the front region of the vowel space, accompanied by strong rhoticity, ranging from [??] to [??]. Western Canadian speech has a much more retracted articulation with a longer non-rhotic portion, approaching a mid-back quality, [??] (though there is no tendency toward a merger with /?r/). Articulation of /?r/ in Ontario is in a position midway between theAnother change in progress in Canadian English, part of a continental trend affecting many North American varieties, is the fronting of /u?/, whereby the nucleus of /u?/ moves forward tMany in the Maritime provinces ? Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ? have an accent that sounds more like Scottish English and, in some places, Irish English than General American. Outside of major communities, dialects can vary markedly from community to community, as well as from province to province, reflecting ethnic origin as well as a past in which there were few roads and many communities, with some villages very isolated. Into the xxxxs, residents of villages in northern Nova Scotia could identify themselves by dialects and accents distinctive to their village. The dialect spoken in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, an autonomous dominion until March 31, xxxx, is often considered the most distinctive Canadian English dialect. Some Newfoundland English differs in vowel pronunciation, morphology, syntax, and preservation of archaic adverbal-intensifiers. The dialect can vary markedly from community to community, as well as from region to region, reflecting ethnic origin as well as a past in which there were few roads and many communities, and fishing villages in particular remained very isolated. A few speakers Where Canadian English shares vocabulary with other English dialects, it tends to share most with American English. Many terms are shared with Britain, but not with the majority of American speakers. In some cases British and the American terms coexist in Canadian English to various extents; a classic example is holiday, often used interchangeably with vacation, distinguishing the two between a trip elsewhere and general time off work respectively. In addition, the vocabulary of Canadian English also features words that are seldom (if ever) found elsewhere. A good resource for these and other words is the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (Avis and others. xxxx), which is currently being revised at the University ofThe term college, which refers to post-secondary education in general in the U.S., refers in Canada to either a post-secondary technical or vocational institution, or to one of the colleges that exist as federated schools within some Canadian universities. Most often, a college is a community college, not a university. It may also refer to a pre-university college in Quebec. In Canada, college student might denote someone obtaining a diploma in business management while university student is the term for someone earning a bachelor's degree. For that reason, going to college does not have the same meaning as going to university, unless the speaker or context clarifies the specific level of post-secondary Canadian universities publish calendars or schedules, not catalogs as in the U.S. Canadian students write or take exams (in the U.S., students generally "take" exams while teachers "write" them); they rarely sit them (standard British usage). Those who supervise students during an exam are sometimes called invigilators as in Britain, or sometimes proctors as in the U.S., but most often the general term teaching assistant (TA) is used; usage may depend on the region or even the individual In the U.S., the four years of high school are termed the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years (terms also used for college years); in Canada, the specific levels are used instead (i.e., "grade nine"),[54] except in Quebec where the five years of high school are termed "secondary 1" (lowest/freshman) to "secondary 5" (highest/senior). Also in Quebec, high schools are often either "junior" (secondary 1 to secondary 3) institutions or "senior" (secondary 4 and 5), more similar to the U.S. As for higher education, only the term freshman (often reduced to frosh) has some currency in Canada.[54] The American usages "sophomore", "junior" and "senior" are not used in Canadian university terminology, or in speech. The specific high-school grades and university years are therefore stated and individualized; for example, the grade 12s failed to graduate; John is in his second year at McMaster. The "first year", "third year" designation also applies to Canadian law school students, as opposed to the common AmericanUnlike in the United States, use of metric units within a majority of industries (but not all) is standard in Canada, as a result of the national adoption of the Metric System during the mid-to-late xxxxs; this has spawned some colloquial usages such as klick for kilometre (as also heard in the U.S. military). See metrication in Canada. Nonetheless, Imperial units are still used in many situations. For example, English Canadians state their weight and height in pounds and feet/inches, respectively. Distances while playing golf are always marked and discussed in yards, though official scorecards may also show metres. Temperatures for cooking are often given in Fahrenheit, while the weather is given in Celsius. Directions in the Prairie provinces are sometimes given using miles, because the country roads generally follow the mile-based grid of the Dominion Land Survey. It is also common practice in the Prairies to measure distance, particularly on the highway, in travel time rather than the actual distance. Canadians measure property, both residential and commercial, in square feet exclusively. Fuel efficiency is less frequently discussed in miles per gallon, more often the metric L/100 km. The letter paper size of 8.5 inches × 11 inches is used instead of the international and metric A4 size of 210 mm × 297 mm. usage of "1L", "2L" and "3L."institution.[citation needed]education that is meant. British Columbia, Vancouver.have a transitional pin?pen merger.[4]The dialects of Prince Edward Island are o high-central or even high-front position, directly behind /i?/. There is a wide range of allophonic dispersion in the set of words containing /u?/ (i.e., the GOOSE set), extending over most of the high region of the vowel space. Most advanced are tokens of /u?/ in free position after coronals (do, too); behind these are tokens in syllables closed with coronals (boots, food, soon), then tokens before non-coronals (goof, soup); remaining in back position are tokens of /u?/ before /l/ (cool, pool, tool). Unlike in some British speech, Canadian English does not show any fronting or unrounding of the glide of /u?/, and most Canadians show no parallel centralization of /o?/, which generally remains in back position, except in Cape Breton A strong Canadian raising exists in the prairie regions together with certain older usages such as chesterfield and front room also associated with the Maritimes. Aboriginal Canadians are a larger and more conspicuous population in prairie cities than elsewhere in the country and certain elements of aboriginal speech in English are sometimes to be heard. Similarly, the linguistic legacy, mostly intonation but also speech patterns and syntax, of the Scandinavian, Slavic and German settlers ? who are far more numerous and historically important in the Prairies than in Ontario or the Maritimes ? can be heard in the general milieu. Again, the large Métis population in Saskatchewan and Manitoba also carries with it certain linguistic traits inherited from French, Aboriginal and Celtic forebears. Some terms are derived from immigrant groups or With a smaller, but more concentrated French population (notably in the towns of Timmins and Sudbury) and sizable Aboriginal population, this area is somewhat unique as having elements from both the Western provinces and the rest of Ontario. Communities receive media from both directions, and residents travel frequently to both areas, prompting a blending of dialects. Sharp-eared locals can detect from word usage (soda versus pop, hoodie versus bunny hug) where one originated, "Down east" (east of Sault Ste. Marie and beyond the Great Lakes), or "Out West" (west of the Manitoba border).are just local inventions:Island and Newfoundland. Atlantic and Western values.[42]that bag sounds close to vague.[41] but no movement of /?/ was detected.a for several generations.[35]certain parts of Ontario. vowel shift; see below.spelling, the Star followed suit. services as provided.[18]Vancouver in xxxx.[16]009 by HarperCollins.Canada are similar to that of the Western and Midland regions of the United States.[4] The Canadian Great Lakes region has similarities to that of the Upper Midwest & Great Lakes region and/or Yooper dialect (in particular Michigan which has extensive cultural and economic ties with Ontario), while the phonological system of western and central Canadian English is similar in some aspects to that of the Pacific Northwest Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration and settlement over a period of almost two centuries. The first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the influx of Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States ? as such, Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from northern American English.[7][8] The historical development of Canadian English is underexplored, but recent studies suggest that Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19th century,[9] while recent studies have shown the emergence of Canadian English features.[10] The second wave from Great Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of xxxx by the governors of Canada, who were worried about anti-English sentiment among its citizens. Waves of However, expressway may also refer to a limited-access road that has control of access but has at-grade junctions, railway crossings (for example, the Harbour Expressway in Thunder Bay.) Sometimes the term parkway is also used (for example, the Hanlon Parkway in Guelph). The terms grid road (Saskatchewan) and mile road (Manitoba)In Alberta, the generic trail is often used to describe a freeway, expressway or major urban street (for example, Deerfoot Trail, Macleod Trail or Crowchild Trail in Calgary, Yellowhead Trail in Edmonton). The British term motorway is not used. The American terms turnpike and tollway for a toll road are not common. The term throughway or thruway was used for first tolled limited-access highways (for example, the Deas Island Throughway, now Highway 99, from Vancouver, to Blaine, Washington, or the Saint John Throughway (Highway 1) in Saint John, New Brunswick), but this term is not common anymore. In everyday speech, when a particular roadway is not being specified, the term highway is generally or exclusively used. are used to refer to minor highways or rural roads, usually gravel, referring to the Dominion Land Survey grid upon which they were originally designed. In Quebec, freeways and expressways are sometimes called by the French term autoroutes; however, native English speakers use the term highway.[55]immigration from around the globe peaking in xxxx and xxxx had a lesser influence, but they did make Canada a multicultural country, ready to accept linguistic change from around the world during the current period of globalization.[11]of the United States.[5] British Columbia.[238]nly in French, before it Canadian government.[229] Commission (CRTC).[225] and cultural values.[222]languages in the territory.[216]western Prince Edward Island.[211]provinces and territories.[207]science, and reading.[204][205]nd Hinduism (1.5%).[199]refugee resettlements.[197]
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